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Difference between revisions of "Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)"

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'''NB: '''This is a short explanation of the <u>non-consumer oriented</u> background and applications for BCI technology. For Consumer-BCI technology please read the main article [[Consumer-BCI|here]].
 
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Timeline of Brain Computer Interface progress and major achievements:
 
Timeline of Brain Computer Interface progress and major achievements:
  
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'''1924''' - Electrical nature of human brain confirmed, first recording of Brain Waves using [[Electroencephalography (EEG)]] by Hans Berger. <ref> Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570. </ref>
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'''1924''' - Electrical nature of human brain confirmed, first recording of Brain Waves using [[EEG | Electroencephalography (EEG)]] by Hans Berger. <ref> Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570. </ref>
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[[File:Brain-computer interface (schematic).jpg|352px|thumb|left|Experimental set up for Closed Loop BCI control using a Rhesus Monkey]]
  
 
'''1969''' - Researchers at University of Washington School of Medicine teach [[Rhesus Monkey|monkeys]] to deflect a needle through neural activity. Further research shows that Monkeys are able to activate neurons if given a reward, as with conventional tasks. <ref> Fetz, E. E. (1969). "Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity". Science 163 (3870): 955–8. doi:10.1126/science.163.3870.955. </ref>
 
'''1969''' - Researchers at University of Washington School of Medicine teach [[Rhesus Monkey|monkeys]] to deflect a needle through neural activity. Further research shows that Monkeys are able to activate neurons if given a reward, as with conventional tasks. <ref> Fetz, E. E. (1969). "Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity". Science 163 (3870): 955–8. doi:10.1126/science.163.3870.955. </ref>
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'''2008''' - Velliste et. al. demonstrate an apparatus whereby a [[Rhesus Monkey|Rhesus monkey]] is able to control a robotic arm in three dimensions to pick up food and feed itself using only BCI. <ref>Velliste et. al. Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding. Nature, 2008. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7198/full/nature06996.html</ref>
 
'''2008''' - Velliste et. al. demonstrate an apparatus whereby a [[Rhesus Monkey|Rhesus monkey]] is able to control a robotic arm in three dimensions to pick up food and feed itself using only BCI. <ref>Velliste et. al. Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding. Nature, 2008. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7198/full/nature06996.html</ref>
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[[File:Monkey controls robotic arm with brain computer interface|thumb|right|335 px]]
 
  
 
'''2010''' - The Annual BCI Research Award is established. <ref>http://www.bci-award.com/ </ref>
 
'''2010''' - The Annual BCI Research Award is established. <ref>http://www.bci-award.com/ </ref>

Latest revision as of 22:24, 19 July 2021

This and other linked pages have been imported from https://consumer-bci.fandom.com/wiki/Consumer_BCI_Wiki
Most BCIs are not usable by the average consumer.

NB: This is a short explanation of the non-consumer oriented background and applications for BCI technology. For Consumer-BCI technology please read the main article here.


History

Timeline of Brain Computer Interface progress and major achievements:

1924 - Electrical nature of human brain confirmed, first recording of Brain Waves using Electroencephalography (EEG) by Hans Berger. [1]

Experimental set up for Closed Loop BCI control using a Rhesus Monkey

1969 - Researchers at University of Washington School of Medicine teach monkeys to deflect a needle through neural activity. Further research shows that Monkeys are able to activate neurons if given a reward, as with conventional tasks. [2]

1989 - Mathematical relationship between brainwaves and arm movement of Rhesus monkey determined, artificial control of limbs possible through electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. [3]

1999 - By embedding electrodes in the thalamus of a cat, researchers at UC Berkley are able to incercept and decode images directly from the retina and display them on a screen. [4]

2002- The first major commercialisation of BCI technology occurs, with 16 patients paying for vision restoring implants. The technology is later lost due to the death of the private researcher. [5]

2008 - Velliste et. al. demonstrate an apparatus whereby a Rhesus monkey is able to control a robotic arm in three dimensions to pick up food and feed itself using only BCI. [6]

2010 - The Annual BCI Research Award is established. [7]

Operating Principles

The main operating principles used in BCI technology are:

Invasive (Surgery Required)

  • Neuroprosthetics
  • Electrocorticography (ECG)

Non-Invasive

  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
  • functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
  • Electroencephelography (EEG)

Applications

The main applications of BCI technology are medical. As well as offering a new pathway into the understanding of the human brain (and controversially: personality disorder and mental illness), they offer both the rectification of disabilities, and even augmentation of the abilities of healthy people. As an emerging field of technology there really are too many potential applications to list, so for further information please see the links below.

Safety

Due to the fact that BCI devices can operate on many different principles (see above) safety issues can vay greatly from one device to another. A brief summary of current safety considerations and concerns was carried out as part of the engineering process part of this wiki. 

External Links for more information

References

  1. ↑ Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570.
  2. ↑ Fetz, E. E. (1969). "Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity". Science 163 (3870): 955–8. doi:10.1126/science.163.3870.955.
  3. ↑ Georgopoulos, et. al. (1989). "Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector". Science 243 (4888): 234–6. doi:10.1126/science.2911737.
  4. ↑ Stanley, GB; Li, FF; Dan, Y (1999). "Reconstruction of natural scenes from ensemble responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus". Journal of Neuroscience 19 (18): 8036–42.
  5. ↑ Naumann, J. Search for Paradise: A Patient's Account of the Artificial Vision Experiment (2012), Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 1-479-7092-04
  6. ↑ Velliste et. al. Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding. Nature, 2008. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7198/full/nature06996.html
  7. ↑ http://www.bci-award.com/
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